[accent on American Civilization (J.Dean)]<\/p>\n
\t\u201cFear needs no definition. It is a primal, and so to speak, c. 1000-mid-19th Century: The dreaded ocean passage from Europe 1607-1775: Colonial Period.<\/p>\n \t\t– 1607 \u2013 Jamestown.<\/p>\n \t\t . Jamestown Colony: \u201cThe Starving Time\u201d and near \t\t\t\t abandonment (1609\u201311; colony dwindles from 500 to \t\t\t 100, near-skeletal survivors reduced to cannibalism)<\/p>\n \t\t– Colonial Settlement, The Indian Wars & Fear 1622-1850: \t Fear, the Frontier, and the Opening of the American West<\/p>\n 1659-1660: Quaker attacks against fear in Massachusetts: against the dark \t\tdogmas of election, predestination & original sin (Quaker \t\t\texecutions in Mass. Bay Colony). 1697: Witchcraft & the Devil in early Colonial New England<\/p>\n \t . *examples<\/u>: Salem Witch Trials (1692; voided: 1711; \t\t\t\t\tcondemned by Mass. legislature: 1957)<\/p>\n 1607-2008: American Wilderness – the place of fear and hope<\/p>\n \t.\u201d [ For ] what could they see but a hideous and desolate wilderness, \t\tfull of wild beasts and wild men\u2014and what \tmultitudes there \t\tmight be of them they knew not.\u201d \t. [ of Cape Cod wilderness ] \u201cIt is a wild rank place, and there is no \t\t\tflattery in it.\u201d – Henry David Thoreau, Cape Cod<\/em>, 1865<\/p>\n \t. \u201cThe remaining western wilderness is the geography of hope.\u201d\t\t – Wallace Stegner, Introduction, Where the Bluebird \t\t\t \t\t\tSings to the Lemonade Springs<\/em>, 1992<\/p>\n 1754-1763 to the present: US Wars & Terror Tactics<\/u><\/strong>* (used by or \t\tagainst Americans)<\/p>\n 1. The French and Indian War<\/strong> (1754\u20131763; aka: the American phase \tof the \u201cSeven Years\u2019 War\u201d fought between France & GB)<\/p>\n \t*examples: scalping <\/u> takes hold among Indians & EuroAmericans \t\t(Governor Edward Cornwallis’ proclamation of 1749 to settlers of Halifax for \tthe payment of Indian scalps, & by French in 1749 for payments to Indians for \tthe scalps of British soldiers)<\/p>\n 2. Revolutionary<\/strong> (aka: \u201cAmerican Revolution\u201d, the \u201cWar of \t\t\t\t\tIndependence\u201d)<\/p>\n \t*examples: Lt. Colonel Banastre Tarleton <\/u> his force of Northern Tories \tthe Green Dragoon (aka: the British Legion), and his use of \u201c total \twar\u201d, which meant that civilians who helped the enemy were the enemy.<\/p>\n 3. War of 1812 <\/strong> (aka: the \u201cSecond War for Independence\u201d ; the \u201cWar for \t\tEconomic Independence\u201d )<\/p>\n 4. Civil War1861-1865<\/strong> (aka: the \u201cWar Between the States\u201d; \t\t\u201cSecession\u201d)<\/p>\n \t*examples: Gen. Sherman\u2019s \u201cMarch to the Sea\u201d <\/u> (through Georgia: \t\t\t1864; through the Carolinas to Virginia,1865)<\/p>\n *examples: the July 1863 draft riots in New York <\/u> City & the removal 5. Spanish American War 1898.<\/strong> 6. WWI 1917-18 (aka: the \u201cGreat War\u201d; \u201cThe War to End All Wars\u201d)<\/p>\n 7. WWII <\/strong> (aka: the Axis Powers versus the United Nations — or: versus \t\t\tThe Allies)<\/p>\n \t*examples: \u201cFifth Column\u201d fear of the enemy within <\/u>\u2013 domestic \t\t\tactions against Italian, Germans, and Japanese. <\/p>\n 8. Korean<\/strong> (first of the great \u201cCold War\u201d conflicts)<\/p>\n \t*examples<\/u>: Korean War as a battle against the \u201cYellow Peril\u201d (as in E. \t\tJ. Kahn\u2019s non fiction work of the time The Peculiar War); 9. Vietnam<\/strong> (official US military assistance: 1961-1973; conventional 10. Gulf War<\/strong> (1991; High Tech War)<\/p>\n 11. The War Against<\/strong> Terrorism (since September 11, 2001; HT, \t\tconventional & guerilla warfare) <\/p>\n \t. US-Iraq War. <\/u><\/strong> <\/p>\n . * international examples<\/u>: Fallujah bridge atrocity incident \t . * domestic examples<\/u>: institutions & laws designed to \t\t\t\tcombat fear (USA Patriot Act, law since October 26, 2001; US \t\t\tDept. of Homeland Security, \u201cDHS\u201d, March 1, 2003 \u2013 present) <\/p>\n 1865-1877: Reconstruction & Fear.<\/p>\n \t. *examples: after the Civil War, lynching <\/u> became particularly \t\t \tassociated with the South & with the first Ku Klux Klan (founded\t1866) as a way to control carpet baggers & negroes.<\/p>\n 1865-1891: Fear & the final settlement of the West<\/p>\n \t. *examples: the Donner Party <\/u>, 1846-1847: overcoming fear in order 1895-1898: beginning of the US mass media tradition of scandal-mongering, \tsensationalism, or other unethical or unprofessional practices (yellow \tjournalism) to scare up sales.<\/p>\n \t *examples<\/u>: Joseph Pulitzer’s New York World<\/em> & William \t \t\t\tHearst’s New York Journal<\/em>.<\/p>\n 1890s-present: Hollywood, US movies, & the selling of fear<\/p>\n \t*examples<\/u>: the first US feature film \u201cThe Hold Up\u201d — which \t\t\t\tends with a gun pointed at the audience.<\/p>\n 1900s America & the Fear of Anarchists.<\/p>\n \t . *examples<\/u>: President McKinley and the trial & execution of \t\t\t\tLeon Czolgosz; Emma Goldman, Alexander Berkman & \t\t\t\u201cpropaganda by the deed\u201d.<\/p>\n 1900-present: American mass media scares<\/p>\n \t . *examples<\/u>: 1938, Orson Welles\u2019 War of the World\u2019s<\/em> radio scare; 1908 – present: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) & the \tsurveillance of domestic fears (1908: Bureau of Investigation (BOI); \tname \twas changed to FBI in 1935.)<\/p>\n 1917 to 1920: The Red Scare & the Palmer Raids<\/p>\n 1918-1920: Spanish Flu<\/p>\n \t. Illness, epidemics, & the fear of the other in US Civilization. 1920: American Civil Liberties Union founded (“to defend & preserve the \tindividual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country \tby the Constitution and laws of the United States.”)<\/p>\n 1920s, early \u2013 Fear of the Jew. <\/p>\n \t. *examples<\/u>: The International Jew<\/em>, 4 vol. set of books 1933-1941: FDR\u2019s New Deal & Social Security: Confronting Economic Fear \t\tWith Social Policy<\/p>\n 1929-1941: Uses of Fear during the US Great Depression<\/p>\n \t\t. *examples<\/u> — the demagogues Father Charles Coughlin; \t\t\t\tGovernor Huey Long.<\/p>\n 1938\u20131975: House Committee on Un-American Activities (aka: \t\tHUAC, HCUA) <\/p>\n \t\t*examples<\/u>: the Army McCarthy hearings, 1954.<\/p>\n Late 1940s to the late 1950s: McCarthyism, Political Repression & the \t\t\tFear of Communism<\/p>\n \t\t*examples<\/u>: McCarthyism and the Universities \u2013 Fear of \t\t\t\tSpeaking Out Among US Intellectuals<\/p>\n 1950s South: Minority Fear in the US South in the 1950s.<\/p>\n \t*examples<\/u>: Anne Moody, Coming of Age in Mississippi <\/em>\t\t\t\t\t(1968). 1950s mainstream America: Fear (anxieties, tensions,\u201dAge of Anxiety\u201d):<\/p>\n *examples<\/u>: anticommunism; attacks on progressive education; bomb \tculture; intellectuals and conservatism; racism; return to religion; \tgender roles; suburban life; television; the \u201cunconscious conspiracy\u201d \tconcept; youth & juvenile delinquency<\/p>\n 1960s Anti-Vietnam War Protest: \u201cHard Hat\u201d Fear (hawks, owls) \t\tversus fear of the \u201cDoves\u201d (chickens)<\/p>\n 1960s to 1970s: Fear of the US counterculture \u2013 the \tcounterculture goes \tmainstream.<\/p>\n late 1970s-90s: Luddities & Luddism in the USA<\/p>\n *examples: the Unabomber <\/u> (aka: Ted Kaczynski)<\/p>\n 1980s: the fear factor in Ronald Reagan\u2019s America<\/p>\n *examples<\/u>: fear of big government; triumph of fear against \t\t \t \tcommunism over Soviet communism; fear of the Sandinista \t \t \tgovernment in Nicaragua.<\/p>\n 1980s-present: fears of sexual harassment & child abuse in American life.<\/p>\n Jan. 20, 2001 \u2013 present: US presidential administration of George \tW. Bush: \tUsing fear as Opportunity <\/p>\n \t*examples<\/u>: In his book Bush at War<\/em>, Bob Woodward reports that on \t\t\tthe evening of September 11 the President said not once but \t\ttwice that the day’s terrible events were in fact “an \t\t\t\topportunity.” <\/p>\n Range of possible additional themes & related events<\/u> (US Civ.):<\/strong><\/p>\n – US nativism & fear; [accent on American Civilization (J.Dean)] \u201cFear needs no definition. It is a primal, and so to speak, a subpolitical emotion.” \u2014 Raymond Aron c. 1000-mid-19th Century: The dreaded ocean passage from Europe to America, from Leif Erickson through Columbus & beyond. 1607-1775: Colonial Period. – 1607 \u2013 Jamestown. . Jamestown Colony: \u201cThe Starving Time\u201d and […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","ast-disable-related-posts":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"default","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[33],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-168","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-2009-conference-besancon-the-fear-factor"],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","uagb_featured_image_src":{"full":false,"thumbnail":false,"medium":false,"medium_large":false,"large":false,"1536x1536":false,"2048x2048":false},"uagb_author_info":{"display_name":"Admin","author_link":"https:\/\/afea.fr\/annualconference\/author\/yanb\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"[accent on American Civilization (J.Dean)] \u201cFear needs no definition. It is a primal, and so to speak, a subpolitical emotion.” \u2014 Raymond Aron c. 1000-mid-19th Century: The dreaded ocean passage from Europe to America, from Leif Erickson through Columbus & beyond. 1607-1775: Colonial Period. – 1607 \u2013 Jamestown. . Jamestown Colony: \u201cThe Starving Time\u201d and…","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/afea.fr\/annualconference\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/168"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/afea.fr\/annualconference\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/afea.fr\/annualconference\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afea.fr\/annualconference\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afea.fr\/annualconference\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=168"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/afea.fr\/annualconference\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/168\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/afea.fr\/annualconference\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=168"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afea.fr\/annualconference\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=168"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/afea.fr\/annualconference\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=168"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\t\t a subpolitical emotion.”
\n\t\t\t\u2014 Raymond Aron<\/strong><\/p>\n
\n\t to America, from Leif Erickson through Columbus & beyond.<\/p>\n
\n\t\t . The Pequote War (1637)
\n . King Philip\u2019s War (16775-76)
\n . Bacon\u2019s Rebellion (1676)
\n\t\t . Themes – *examples<\/u>: Fear, Faith, & the Captivity \t\t\t Narrative; demonized Native-Americans.<\/p>\n
\n *examples<\/u>: Quaker \u201cinner light\u201d vs. Puritan fear dogma.<\/p>\n
\n\t\t– William Bradford, Of Plymouth Plantation – 1620-1647<\/em>, Ch. IX<\/p>\n
\n\t\t of the African-American in 19th Century urban America.<\/p>\n
\n\t\t*examples<\/u>: explosion of the USS Maine & “yellow \t\t\t\tjournalism”<\/u><\/p>\n
\n political committee actions of Joseph P. Kennedy \u2013 Kennedy
\n dynasty patriarch.<\/p>\n
\n\t & guerilla warfare)<\/p>\n
by \t\t\tIraqis vs The Abu Ghrabu prison torture & abuse incident
by \t\t\tAmericans.<\/p>\n
\n\t\t to survive, ordeal by hunger.<\/p>\n
\n\t\t1998-1999: media frenzy, pack journalism, & the \u201csexual \t\t predator\u201d: the Monica Lewinsky affair. <\/p>\n
\n *examples: Spanish Flu, Polio, Aids.<\/u><\/p>\n
\n\t\tpublished & distributed in the early 1920s by Henry Ford\u2019s
\n\t\tThe Dearborn Independent<\/em><\/p>\n
\n\t*examples (overcoming & speaking out against fear): <\/u>the Emmett Till \t\tincident (1955).<\/p>\n
\n– US mass media & paranoia; fear & safety;
\n– US medical & social problems among America\u2019s old people: Fear of \thospitalization, Fear of unpleasant investigations
\n\tFear of treatment;
\n– US fear & the social construction of race;
\n– US fear and the social construction of color \u2013 specifically \u201cwhiteness\u201d;
\n– US fear & American domestic \u201cdiversity\u201d pressures of the 90s-present
\n– The effect of fear on US civil liberties & human rights.
\n– Fear of Failure in America
\n– Fear in the USA versus Fear in Western Europe: Uses & Abuses.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"